Introduction It has been reported that valproic acid (VPA) combined with therapeutic hypothermia can improve survival and neurologic outcomes in a rat asphyxial cardiac arrest model. However, neuroprotective mechanisms of such combined treatment of valproic acid with hypothermia remains unclear. We hypothesized that epigenetic regulation of HSP70 by histone acetylation could increase HSP70-mediated neuroprotection suppressed under hypothermia. Material & Method Male Sprague-Dawley rats that achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) from asphyxial cardiac arrest were randomized to four groups: normothermia (37℃ ± 1℃), hypothermia (33℃ ± 1℃), normothermia + VPA (300 mg/kg IV initiated 5 minutes post-ROSC and infused over 20 min), and hypothermia + VPA. Acetyl-histone H3, HSP70, cleaved caspase-9 were assessed 3,4,5 and 9 hours after ROSC by the Western blot assay. At the same time points, HSP70 mRNA expression was assessed by the real time polymerase chain reaction. Result Three hours after ROSC, acetyl-histone H3 was highly expressed in VPA-administered groups (normothermia + VPA, hypothermia + VPA). Four hours after ROSC, HSP70 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in normothermic groups (normothermia, normothermia + VPA) than in hypothermic groups (hypothermia, hypothermia + VPA). The hypothermia + VPA group showed significantly higher HSP70 mRNA expression than the hypothermia group. Similarly, at five hours after ROSC, HSP70 protein levels were significantly higher in normothermic groups than in hypothermic groups. HSP70 levels were significantly higher in the hypothermia + VPA group than in the hypothermia group. Only the hypothermia + VPA group showed significantly attenuated cleaved caspase-9 levels than the normothermia group. Conclusion Hypothermia can attenuate the expression of HSP70 at transcriptional level. However, VPA administration can induce hyperacetylation of histone H3, leading to epigenetic transcriptional activation of HSP70 even in a hypothermic status. Combining VPA treatment with hypothermia may compensate for reduced activation of HSP70-mediated anti-apoptotic pathway.